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- The nature of the item being transported, i.e. a kettle could be put into the class 'household goods'.
- How large the item is, both in terms of item size and quantity.
- How long the item for delivery will be in transit.
- Payloads are normally packed as household goods, express, parcel, and freight Consignments.

Articles of furniture, art, or alike Things are for the most part separated as household goods.

Very small business or personal items like envelopes are looked at as overnight express or express letter shipments. These shipments are seldom over a few pounds, and just about always go in the carriers own packaging. Service levels are variable, depending on the shippers choice. Express loadings virtually always travel some distance by air travel. An envelope will go coast to coast overnight or it may take many days, based on the service options and prices paid.

Larger shipments like small boxes are regarded as parcel or ground shipments. These loadings are rarely over 100 pounds, with no single piece of the article weighing more than approximately 70 pounds. Shipments are usually boxed, typically in the shippers packaging and every now and again in carrier-provided packaging. Service grades are again variable; but the majority of ground loads will move roughly 500-700 miles per day, going seashore to sea-coast in close to four days depending on origin. Parcel cargos not usually journey by air, and typically move thru road and rail. Parcels represent the absolute majority of business-to-consumer (B2C) dispatches.

Beyond HHG, express, and parcel shipments, movements are referred to as freight shipments.

Less-than-truckload (LTL) freight:

The first class of freight article is less than truckload (LTL). LTL represents the majority of freight shipments Air cargo or air freight shipments are very similar to LTL shipments in terms of size and packaging requirements.

Truckload (TL) freight:

In the United States of America despatches heavier than around 15,000 pounds are often classified as truckload (TL) in that it is most frugal to only use a truck rather than share it in an LTL environment.
The gross weight of a truck (tractor trailer 5 axle rig) in the U.S cannot exceed 80,000 in ordinary circumstances. Under the current U.S. truck pricing model, adding more to a load costs nothing more.

Plans for increasing load size include: consolidating orders onto the truck using a Transportation management system. Here the "optimal combination of orders and stops can be used to fill out the truck. When shipping freightage, it is extremely crucial to read up on pricing, claims, and insurance.

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How freight pricing works:

Express letter and parcel carriers typically have fairly simple pricing based on package size and service level requested.

Another cost-saving method is facilitating pickups or deliveries at the carriers terminals. By doing this, shippers avoid any accessorial fees that might normally be charged for liftgate, residential pickup/delivery, inside pickup/delivery or notifications/appointments. Carriers or intermediaries can provide shippers with the address and phone number for the closest shipping terminal to the origin and/or destination.

Cargo insurance:

Cargo insurance only covers significant loss or damage to the cargo only. Carriers insurance does not cover consequential damages like lost sales or downtime on a production line. Also, carrier insurance does not cover the cost of returning damaged cargo to the shipper. Again, cargo insurance is very low and very tightly defined; so shippers must package shipments extremely well and be sure to clarify the specific insurance that will apply to each shipment.

Freight packaging:

All shipments should be palletized and wrapped in plastic to protect from damage. Most shipments should be fully crated in order to ensure a damage-free delivery. A good rule is to ask the carrier or intermediary for the specific packaging requirements for each shipment then exceed those requirements. Also, since shipments may be reloaded several times, it is important that the packaging has all the shipper and consignee info clearly noted on at least two sides of the shipment. Filing claims with freight companies is a cumbersome and time consuming process, so shippers should take extra care in packaging to avoid freight claims.

Freight shipping summary:

Railcars may send any bulk cargo to many locations. Shippers typically first see to it that they are applying the most effective type of carrier for their particular type of article: using an LTL carrier for an LTL cargo, for example. While parcel carriers will accept LTL loads, and LTL carriers will accept TL goods, shippers will typically see lower quality service at higher rates when carriers service consignments that is "non-standard" for their particular company.

if the shipper has chosen the best kind of carrier, the shipper then shops several carriers in order to locate the most appropriate service and price for their item. Shippers search out all-inclusive quotes that include all surcharges and accessorial costs.

after the shipper has chosen the mode and carrier and is readied to ship, they sometimes over-package their freight consignment and verify insurance coverage, to stave off damage & claims.

Inexperienced shippers sometimes use the services of a freight intermediator or advisor to allow them locate the best carrier, service, and price for their loads.

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