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- The type of item being transported, i.e. a kettle could easily be put into the class 'household goods'.
- How large the payload is, both in terms of item size and quantity.
- How long the item for delivery will be in transit.
- Payloads are often graded as household goods, express, parcel, and freight Dispatches.

Articles of furniture, art pieces, or alike Shipments are mostly separated as household goods.

Very small business or personal things like envelopes are regarded as overnight express or express letter goods. These shipments are not usually over a few pounds, and virtually always travel in the carriers own packaging. Service degrees are varying, based on the shippers choice. Express goods nearly always go some distance by air travel. An envelope might go coast to coast overnight or it will take numerous days, based on the service choices and prices chosen.

Larger shipments like small boxes are considered as parcel or ground loadings. These consignments are rarely over 100 pounds, with no single piece of the object weighing more than about 70 pounds. Shipments are universally packaged, occasionally in the shippers packaging and typically in carrier-provided packaging. Service grades are again varying; but most ground loadings will move approximately 500-700 miles per day, going seashore to coast in just about four days depending on origin. Parcel shipments not usually move by air, and typically move thru road and rail. Parcels constitute the majority of business-to-consumer (B2C) loads.

Aside from HHG, express, and parcel shipments, movements are called freight shipments.

Less-than-truckload (LTL) freight:

The first class of freight payload is less than truckload (LTL). LTL shipments range from 100 pounds to about 15,000 pounds, and are always much less than 28long. However, air freight shipments typically need to move at much faster speeds than 500 miles per day. Air shipments may be booked directly with the carriers or through brokers or online marketplace services. While shipments move faster than standard LTL, a

Truckload (TL) freight:

In the United States of America despatches greater than approximately 15,000 pounds are normally sorted as truckload (TL) in that it is most frugal to only use a truck rather than share it in an LTL environment.
And a full truck is limited to the amount of weight that a unit can legally carry by the difference between 80,000 pounds and the weight of the tractor trailer. Increasing shipment size has proven to be a significant opportunity for many companies - particularly large consumer product companies.

Schemes for increasing load size include: consolidating orders onto the truck using a Transportation management system. Here the "optimal combination of orders and stops can be used to fill out the truck. When transporting cargo, it is exceedingly important to realize the facts about pricing, claims, and insurance.

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How freight pricing works:

LTL carriers typically charge by freight class.

Shipping experts optimize their service and costs by sampling rates from several carriers, brokers, and online marketplaces. When obtaining rates from different providers, shippers may find quite a contrast in the pricing offered. If a shipper uses a broker, freight forwarder, or other transportation intermediary, it is common for the shipper to receive a copy of the carrier's Federal Operating Authority. Freight intermediaries are also required by Federal Law to be licensed by the Federal Highway Administration. Shippers are cautioned to avoid unlicensed brokers and forwarders; if brokers are working outside the law by not having a Federal Operating License, the shipper will have no protection in the event of a problem. Also shippers normally ask for a copy of the broker's insurance certificate and any specific insurance that applies to the shipment.

Cargo insurance:

Cargo insurance only covers significant loss or damage to the cargo only. Carriers insurance does not cover consequential damages like lost sales or downtime on a production line. Also, carrier insurance does not cover the cost of returning damaged cargo to the shipper. Again, cargo insurance is very low and very tightly defined; so shippers must package shipments extremely well and be sure to clarify the specific insurance that will apply to each shipment.

Freight packaging:

All shipments should be palletized and wrapped in plastic to protect from damage. Most shipments should be fully crated in order to ensure a damage-free delivery. A good rule is to ask the carrier or intermediary for the specific packaging requirements for each shipment then exceed those requirements. Also, since shipments may be reloaded several times, it is important that the packaging has all the shipper and consignee info clearly noted on at least two sides of the shipment. Filing claims with freight companies is a cumbersome and time consuming process, so shippers should take extra care in packaging to avoid freight claims.

Freight shipping summary:

Railcars might ship any bulk cargo to many locations. Shippers usually first see to it that they are using the most effective type of carrier for their specific type of object: using an LTL carrier for an LTL consignment, for example. While parcel carriers will accept LTL goods, and LTL carriers will accept TL cargos, shippers will commonly receive lower quality service at higher rates when carriers service cargo that is "non-standard" for their specific company.

once the shipper has chosen the best kind of carrier, the shipper then shops several carriers in order to find the most beneficial service and price for their payload. Shippers search out all-inclusive quotations that include all surcharges and accessorial expences.

once the shipper has chosen the mode and carrier and is readied to ship, they often over-package their freight cargo and verify policy coverage, to ward off damage & claims.

Inexperienced shippers oftentimes use the services of a freight go-between or advisor to help them locate the most beneficial carrier, service, and price for their goods.

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